Governor vessel moxibustion combined with wenyang yiqi qiwei decoction for erectile dysfunction with spleen-kidney deficiency and its effect on testosterone and vascular endothelial function / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the therapeutic effect of governor vessel moxibustion combined with wenyang yiqi qiwei decoction on erectile dysfunction (ED) with spleen-kidney deficiency and to explore the possible mechanism.@*METHODS@#A total of 130 ED patients with spleen-kidney deficiency were randomized into an observation group (65 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a control group (65 cases, 3 cases dropped off). The control group was given wenyang yiqi qiwei decoction orally, one dose daily. On the basis of the treatment in the control group, governor vessel moxibustion was applied from Dazhui (GV 14) to Yaoshu (GV 2) in the observation group, 110 min a time, once a day. The treatment of 4 weeks was required in both groups. Before and after treatment, 5-question international index of erectile function (IIEF-5) score, erection quality scale (EQS) score, erectile hardness assessment (EHS) score, TCM syndrome score, serum testosterone (T) level and vascular endothelial function indexes (prostaglandin I2 [PGI2], endothelin-1 [ET-1] and nitric oxide [NO] levels) were observed respectively, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated in both groups.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the scores of IIEF-5, EQS, EHS and serum levels of T, PGI2, NO were increased compared before treatment (P<0.01), the TCM syndrome scores and serum ET-1 levels were decreased compared before treatment (P<0.01) in the two groups; the scores of IIEF-5, EQS, EHS and serum levels of T, PGI2, NO in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.01, P<0.05), the TCM syndrome score and serum ET-1 level were lower than those in the control group (P<0.01, P<0.05). The total effective rate was 88.9% (56/63) in the observation group, which was superior to 74.2% (46/62) in the control group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Governor vessel moxibustion combined with wenyang yiqi qiwei decoction can improve the erectile function and increase the erection hardness and quality in ED patients with spleen-kidney deficiency, its mechanism may relate to improving serum T level and vascular endothelial function.

Angioaccesos para hemodiálisis en el trasplante renal: implicaciones hemodinámicas sobre el corazón izquierdo / Angioaccess for hemodialysis in kidney transplantation: hemodynamic implications for the left heart

Las complicaciones cardiovasculares representan la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, por lo que el objetivo de este artículo es demostrar la influencia de la permanencia de la fístula arteriovenosa sobre variables eco cardiográficamente mensuradas en el corazón izquierdo. Para ello, se definió un estudio multivariable, longitudinal, prospectivo y controlado de grupos independientes después de una intervención que incluyó 39 pacientes a los que se le cerró el angioacceso (grupo de estudio) y 42 que no fueron expuestos a la cirugía (grupo control). Ambos grupos exhibían trasplante renal funcionante. Los principales resultados surgenal comparar el predominio entre el grupo de estudio con el de control, la edad promedio; 45,6 y 44,1 años, el sexo masculino, 24 (60%) y 23 (53,5%) y el color de la piel blanca; 33 (82,5%) y 32 (74,4%). La etiología de la nefropatía originaria más frecuente fue la nefropatía vascular hipertensiva; 12 (30%) vs 14 (32,6%). Entre las manifestaciones clínicas, en el grupo de estudio se evidenció remisión de las palpitaciones y la disnea de esfuerzo. Respecto a la tensión arterial, para la sistólica oscilaba; de 123 ±13,4 a 120,5 ±9,2 vs de 125,6 ±8,4 a 128 ±8,3 mm Hg (p= 0,000), mientras la diastólica variaba de; 76,8 ±7,5 a 76,3 ±6,2 vs 78,6 ±4,9 a 82,4 ±3,9 mm Hg (p= 0,000). El hematocrito comportaba valores equivalentes; 0,43 ±0,06 y 0,45 ±0,06 vs 0,42 ±0,05 y 0,42 ±0,06 l/l (p= 0,035) y la creatinina sérica mostró descenso en los pacientes intervenidos de; 106,8 ± 26,2 hasta 99,8 ±23,9 µ Mol/l vs 114 ±27,8 a 120,3 ±31 µ Mol/l (p= 0,002). Las variables ecocardiográficas mensuradas comparativamente según la localización de los angioaccesos a nivel del codo izquierdo; diámetro del ventrículo izquierdo: 3,12 ±4,08 vs 1,48 ±3,46 mms (p=0,001), fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo: 2,99 ±5,47 vs -1,98 ±6,23 % (p=0,018) y el volumen telediastólico: -23 ±33,41 vs 10,86 ±36,87 ml (p=0,006). El codo contralateral revelaba; para la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo: 3,32 ±3,42 vs -2,18 ±4,78 % (p=0,037) y para el gasto cardíaco: -1,29 ±0,88 vs -0,26 ±0,86 l/min (0,020). Las conclusiones demuestran que el cierre del angioacceso a pacientes con trasplante renal funcionante respecto a los no intervenidos, contribuye a la regresión de las alteraciones morfológicas y hemodinámicas constatadas por ecocardiografía transtorácica en el corazón izquierdo a nivel de las diferentes localizaciones de los accesos vasculares.

Cardiovascular complications represent the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic renal disease, so the objective of this article is to demonstrate the influence of the patency of the arteriovenous fistula on echocardiographic variables measured in the left heart. For this, a multivariate study, longitudinal, prospective and controlled study of independent groups after an intervention that included 39 patients who had their angioaccess closed (study group) and 42 who were not exposed to surgery (control group). Both groups exhibited functional kidney transplantation. The main results emerge when comparing the prevalence between the study group and the control group, the average age; 45.6 and 44.1 years, the male sex, 24 (60%) and 23 (53.5%) and the white skin color; 33 (82.5%) and 32 (74.4%). The most frequent etiology of the original nephropathy was hypertensive vascular nephropathy; 12 (30%) vs 14 (32.6%). Among the clinical manifestations, remission of palpitations and dyspnea on exertion were evidenced in the study group. With regard to blood pressure, for the systolic it ranged from 123 ±13.4 to 120.5 ±9.2 vs. 125.6 ±8.4 to 128 ±8.3 mmHg (p= 0.000), while the diastolic varied from; 76.8 ±7.5 to 76.3 ±6.2 vs. 78.6 ±4.9 to 82.4 ±3.9 mmHg (p= 0.000). The hematocrit had equivalent values; 0.43 ±0.06 and 0.45 ±0.06 vs 0.42 ±0.05 and 0.42 ±0.06 l/l (p= 0.035) and the serum creatinine showed decrease in the operated patients from; 106.8 ±26.2 to 99.8 ±23.9 µMol/l vs 114 ±27.8 to 120.3 ±31 µMol/l (p= 0.002). The echocardiographic variables measured comparatively according to the location of the angioaccesses at the left elbow level; diameter of the left ventricle: 3.12 ±4.08 vs 1.48 ±3.46 mms (p=0.001), ejection fraction of the left ventricle: 2.99 ±5.47 vs -1.98 ±6.23 % (p=0.018) and the telediasolic volume: -23 ±33.41 vs 10.86 ±36.87 ml (p=0.006). The contralateral elbow revealed; for the left ventricular ejection fraction: 3.32 ±3.42 vs -2.18 ±4.78 % (p=0.037) and for cardiac output: -1.29 ±0.88 vs -0.26 ±0.86 l/min (0.020). The conclusions show that the our study has shown that closing the angioaccess to patients with functioning renal transplants with respect to those not operated, contributes to the regression of morphological and hemodynamic alterations observed by transthoracic echocardiography in the left heart at the different locations of the vascular accesses.

Massive retroperitoneal haematoma because of renal cyst rupture, report of a case / Hematoma retroperitoneal masivo por ruptura de quiste renal, reporte de caso

We report the case of an 86-year-old adult man who, as a pedestrian, is hit by a motorcycle, suffering polytrauma; in initial care, he refers to thoraco-abdominal pain and subsequently neurological deterioration. Assessed by a neurosurgeon and general surgeon, a right chest tube is placed and a laparoscopy is performed where there is little bleeding from the abdominal cavity. It shows deterioration of its general state and dies in respiratory failure. During the necropsy procedure there is subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral herniation, rib fractures and pneumonic consolidation, a massive retroperitoneal hematoma is observed due to rupture of simple renal cyst.

Reportamos el caso de un hombre de 86 años que, siendo peatón, es atropellado por una motocicleta, sufriendo politraumatismo. En la atención inicial refiere a dolor toracoabdominal y posteriormente deterioro neurológico. Evaluado por un neurocirujano y un cirujano general, se coloca un tubo torácico derecho y se realiza una laparoscopia y observándose poco sangrado de la cavidad abdominal. El paciente muestra deterioro de su estado general y muere por insuficiencia respiratoria. Durante el procedimiento de necropsia se determina hemorragia subaracnoidea y hernia cerebral, fracturas costales y consolidación neumónica, se observa un hematoma retroperitoneal masivo por rotura de quiste renal simple.

Influência de fatores clínicos na lesão renal aguda / Influence of clinical factors on acute kidney injury / Influencia de factores clínicos en la lesión renal aguda

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre variações do clearance de creatinina (ClCr) e os fatores clínicos de pacientes internados em clínica médica. Material e Método: Estudo longitudinal, do tipo coorte prospectivo, quantitativo, realizado em um hospital público do Distrito Federal. 85 pacientes evoluíram com Lesão Renal Aguda (LRA), de acordo com a classificação Kidney Disease: Improving Glogal Guidelines (KDIGO). O acompanhamento foi até 1 mês pós-alta hospitalar. A gravidade dos pacientes foi medida através do Índice de Comorbidade de Charlson. Considerou-se significativo resultados com p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: 51,8% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Entre as comorbidades se destacaram hipertensão arterial (70,6%), diabetes mellitus (57,6%) e as cardiopatias (52,9%). O tempo de permanência hospitalar (p= 0,001) e a idade (p= 0,05) estiveram associadas a pior função renal. Pacientes com ClCr ≤ 30 ml/min estiveram associados a uma maior taxa de mortalidade (p= 0,007). Conclusão: Idade avançada e maior tempo de internação hospitalar se associaram a piora da função renal (ClCr < 60 ml/min). Àqueles com severa piora da função renal (ClCr < 30 ml/min) apresentaram maior taxa mortalidade.

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the relationship between variations in creatinine clearance (ClCr) and clinical factors in hospitalized patients in internal medicine. Material and Method: A prospective, quantitative, cohort study conducted at the medical clinic of a public hospital in Distrito Federal. 85 patients progressed with Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), according to the Kidney Disease Improving Glogal Guidelines (KDIGO) classification. Patients were followed-up to 1 month after hospital discharge. Patient severity was measured using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Results with p ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: 51.8% of the patients were male. Most common comorbidities were hypertension (70.6%), diabetes mellitus (57.6%) and heart disease (52.9%). The length of hospital stay (p = 0.001) and age (p = 0.05) were associated with worse renal function. Patients with CrCl ≤ 30 ml/min were associated with a higher mortality rate (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Older patients and longer hospital stay were associated with worsening renal function (CrCl < 60 ml/min). Those with severe worsening of renal function (CrCl < 30 ml/min) presented higher mortality rate.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la relación entre variaciones del clearance de creatinina (CLCr) y los factores clínicos de pacientes internados en medicina interna. Material y Método: Estudio longitudinal, del tipo cohorte prospectivo, cuantitativo, realizado en un hospital público del Distrito Federal. 85 pacientes evolucionaron con Lesión Renal Aguda (LRA), de acuerdo con la clasificación de las normas KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Guidelines). El seguimiento fue hasta 1 mes post-alta hospitalaria. La gravedad de los pacientes fue medida a través del Índice de Comorbilidad de Charlson. Se consideraron significativos resultados con p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: 51,8% de los pacientes eran del sexo masculino. Entre las comorbilidades se destacaron hipertensión arterial (70,6%), diabetes mellitus (57,6%) y las cardiopatías (52,9%). El tiempo de permanencia hospitalaria (p = 0,001) y la edad (p = 0,05) estuvieron asociadas a la peor función renal. Los pacientes con ClCr ≤ 30 ml/min estuvieron asociados a una mayor tasa de mortalidad (p = 0,007). Conclusión: Edad avanzada y el mayor tiempo de internación hospitalaria se asociaron al empeoramiento de la función renal (ClCr < 60 ml/ min). Aquellos con severo empeoramiento de la función renal (CLCr < 30 ml/min) presentaron mayor tasa de mortalidad.

C-Fos expression in epileptogenic areas of nephropathic rats undergoing star fruit poisoning

Abstract Purpose Studies have demonstrated that star fruit consumption by nephropathic patients triggers severe neurotoxic effects that can lead to convulsions or even death. Brain areas likely susceptible to star fruit poisoning have not been investigated. The objective of the present study was to map possible epileptogenic areas susceptible to star fruit intoxication in nephropathic rats. Methods The study analyzed 25 rats (5 groups). Rats in the experimental group underwent bilateral ureteral obstruction surgery and orogastric gavages with star fruit juice. An electroencephalogram was used to confirm convulsive seizures. Urea and creatinine levels were used to confirm the uremia model. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to map cells with c-Fos protein (c-Fos+ cells) to identify brain areas with increased neuronal activity. Control groups included non-nephropathic and nephropathic rats that did not receive star fruit. Results A statistically significant increase (p<0.01) in c-Fos+ cells was noted in nephropathic animals receiving star fruit juice compared to control groups, in brain areas commonly related to epileptogenic neural circuits including the hippocampus, amygdala, rhinal cortex, anterior cingulate area, piriform area, and medial dorsal thalamus. Conclusion These data corroborate the neurotoxic capacity of star fruit in nephropathic patients.

Pathogenesis, histopathologic findings and treatment modalities of lipoprotein glomerulopathy: A review / Patogênese, achados histopatológicos e modalidades de tratamento da glomerulopatia por lipoproteínas: Uma revisão

Abstract Lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) is an uncommon cause of nephrotic syndrome and/or kidney failure. At microscopy, LPG is characterized by the presence of lipoprotein thrombi in dilated glomerular capillaries due to different ApoE mutations. ApoE gene is located on chromosome 19q13.2, and can be identified in almost all serum lipoproteins. ApoE works as a protective factor in atherosclerosis due its interaction with receptor-mediated lipoprotein clearance and cholesterol receptor. Most common polymorphisms include ApoE2/2, ApoE3/2, ApoE3/3, ApoE4/2, ApoE4/3, and ApoE4/4. All age-groups can be affected by LPG, with a discrete male predominance. Compromised patients typically reveal dyslipidemia, type III hyperlipoproteinemia, and proteinuria. LPG treatment includes fenofibrate, antilipidemic drugs, steroids, LDL aphaeresis, plasma exchange, antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants, urokinase, and renal transplantation. Recurrence in kidney graft suggests a pathogenic component(s) of extraglomerular humoral complex resulting from abnormal lipoprotein metabolism and presumably associated to ApoE.

Resumo A glomerulopatia por lipoproteínas (GLP) é uma patologia rara que causa síndrome nefrótica e/ou insuficiência renal. Na microscopia, a GLP é caracterizada pela presença de trombos de lipoproteínas em capilares glomerulares dilatados devido a diferentes mutações no gene da ApoE. O gene da ApoE está localizado no cromossomo 19q13.2 e pode ser identificado em quase todas as lipoproteínas séricas. A ApoE age como fator de proteção na arterioesclerose por conta de sua interação com a depuração de lipoproteínas mediada por receptores e com o receptor de colesterol. Dentre os polimorfismos mais comuns destacam-se ApoE2/2, ApoE3/2, ApoE3/3, ApoE4/2, ApoE4/3 e ApoE4/4. A GLP pode acometer indivíduos de todas as faixas etárias, com discreta predominância do sexo masculino. Pacientes afetados tipicamente apresentam dislipidemia, hiperlipoproteinemia tipo III e proteinúria. O tratamento da GLP é conduzido com fenofibrato, antilipêmicos, corticosteroides, LDL-aferese, troca de plasma, antiplaquetários, anticoagulantes, uroquinase e transplante renal. Recidiva no enxerto renal indica a existência de componentes patogênicos do complexo humoral extraglomerular resultante de metabolismo lipoproteico anômalo, possivelmente associado a ApoE.

Intoxicación por parafenilendiamina: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Paraphenylenediamine poisoning: A report of two cases and literature review / Intoxicação por parafenilendiamina: reporte de dois casos e revisão da literatura

Los tintes para el cabello son sustancias de uso frecuente por la población general. Su composición varía de acuerdo al fabricante, pero dentro de sus componentes universales con potencial tóxico se tienen: peróxido de hidrógeno, amoniaco y sustancias oxidantes como la parafenilendiamina. La exposición a estas sustancias puede ser accidental, ocupacional o autoinfligida y es frecuente que por falta de información por parte del personal de salud sobre estos productos no se tengan en consideración los riesgos asociados en el servicio de urgencias. A continuación se presentan dos casos de pacientes con diferentes desenlaces, expuestos con intensión auto-lítica o accidental a tintes que contenían parafenilendiamina, una de las sustancias que explica el compromiso metabólico, renal y cardiovascular asociado a su exposición.

Hair dyes are substances commonly used by the general population. Although their composition varies depending on the manufacturer, the following compounds have the greatest potential for toxicity: ammonium, hydrogen peroxide, and oxidizing substances such as paraphenylenediamine. Exposure to these substances could be accidental, occupational, or self-induced. Unfortunately, this information is often unknown to the clinical practitioners, making it difficult to diagnose and properly treat patients under this kind of intoxication in the emergency room. In this paper, we present two cases with different outcomes in which the patients were exposed (either accidentally or self-induced) to hair dye containing paraphenylenediamine, one of the substances that explains the metabolic, cardiovascular, and kidney compromise associated to this intoxication.

As tintas para o cabelo são substâncias de uso frequente pela população geral. Sua composição varia de acordo ao fabricante, mas dentro dos seus componentes universais com potencial tóxico se tem: peróxido de hidrogeno, amoníaco e substâncias oxidantes como a parafenilendiamina. A exposição a estas substâncias pode ser acidental, ocupacional ou auto-infligida e é frequente que por falta de informação por parte do pessoal de saúde sobre estes produtos não se tenham em consideração os riscos associados no serviço de emergências. A continuação se apresentam dois casos de pacientes com diferentes desfechos, expostos com intensão auto-lítica ou acidental a tintas que continham parafenilendiamina, uma das substâncias que explica o compromisso metabólico, renal e cardiovascular associado a sua exposição.

An unusual presentation of urethral duplication presenting with chronic bladder retention, left scrotal transposition and left renal agenesis

ABSTRACT Introduction and objective Urethral duplication is a rare congenital anomaly, with roughly 200 cases reported in the literature (1). It is more frequent in males, with few cases reported in females. The clinical presentation differs according to the anatomical variant present. The duplication most commonly occurs in the sagittal plane with one urethra located ventrally and the other dorsally (2). Usually the ventral urethra is the more functional of both. Duplications occurring in the coronal plane are quite rare and they are usually associated with bladder duplication (3). The purpose of this paper was to present a video of a boy with an unusual urethral duplication form. Materials and Methods Patient was born premature due to oligohydramnios at 7 months-gestational age and he has initial diagnosis of hypospadia. Since then, he presented at least 7 febrile UTI and mother complained of difficult micturition and a presence of a mass at lower abdomen. Patient was referred to our institution and we identified urethral duplication with a glandar and scrotal meatus, palpable bladder and left penile-hemiscrotum transposition. US and CT-scan showed left kidney agenesis and overdistended bladder. VCUG and retrograde urethrography showed duplication, presence of contrast in the seminal vesicles and complete catheterizing of both urethras was not possible. Results The topic urethra was dysplastic and not patent to a 4Fr plastic tube so we were unable to access it endoscopically. We performed initially a Mitrofanoff procedure to allow CIC and treat chronic retention. Six months later, we assessed both urethras surgically and concluded that dorsal urethra was dysplastic after 3cm still in the penile area and scrotal urethra was not possible to be catheterized. We excised the ventral urethra because of dribbling complaints up to bulbar area and reconstructed the scrotal transposition, keeping the topic urethra for cosmetic issues. Patient had excellent outcome, performs CIC every 4 hours and has not presented further UTI episodes. Discussion and conclusion The urethral duplication is an anomaly that has multiple anatomical presentations. There are several theories about the etiology, but none can explain all types of presentations. There is also more than one rating available, and the Effmann classification is the most detailed. The case exemplifies this varied spectrum of anatomic urethral duplication. It resembles the urethral duplication type IIa-Y, however, ventral urethra meatus was located in penoscrotal area and both urethras were at least partially hypoplastic/dysplastic associated with obstruction and bladder retention. In determining how to best manage a patient with Y-type urethral duplication, the caliber and quality of the orthotopic urethra must first be assessed. Published reports suggest that best outcomes are those using the ventral duplicated urethra for the reconstruction (4). In this case, none of urethras were functional and a supravesical outlet channel had to be provided. The treatment of this condition requires an individualized planning and a vast technical knowledge of reconstructive surgery.

Granulomatous intersticial nephritis secondary to sarcoidosis / Nefrite intersticial granulomatose secundária a sarcoidose

ABSTRACT Introduction: Granulomatous interstitial nephritis is a rare condition, in which renal involvement is uncommon. Its etiology is variable, and may be medicinal, infectious or inflammatory origin. Case report: This is a 65-year-old male patient with renal lesions of unknown etiology, associated with hypercalcaemia. During the investigation, cardiac insufficiency with diastolic dysfunction and interstitial lung involvement on chest tomography were evidenced. Renal function (glomerular filtration rate) has partially improved with clinical measures. Renal biopsy was performed, which showed moderate interstitial lesion with tuberculoid granulomas without caseous necrosis. Conclusion: The objective of the article was to describe a case of NIG and to alert to the importance of its clinical investigation. In this case, renal biopsy, associated with systemic clinical manifestations, contributed to the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.

RESUMO Introdução: a nefrite intersticial granulomatosa é uma condição rara, na qual o envolvimento renal é incomum. Sua etiologia é variável e pode ter origem medicinal, infecciosa ou inflamatória. Relato de caso: trata-se de um paciente do sexo masculino, com 65 anos de idade, com lesões renais de etiologia desconhecida, associadas à hipercalcemia. Durante a investigação, evidenciaram-se insuficiência cardíaca com disfunção diastólica e envolvimento pulmonar intersticial à tomografia torácica. A função renal (taxa de filtração glomerular) melhorou parcialmente com medidas clínicas. Foi realizada biópsia renal, que apresentou lesão intersticial moderada com granulomas tuberculoides sem necrose caseosa. Conclusão: o objetivo do artigo foi descrever um caso de GIN e alertar para a importância de sua investigação clínica. Neste caso, a biópsia renal, associada a manifestações clínicas sistêmicas, contribuiu para o diagnóstico de sarcoidose.

Prevalência de casos de insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) atendidos pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência de Rio Verde, Goiás / Prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) cases in the Emergency Mobile Care Service of Rio Verde, Goiás

Introdução: a Insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) é definida como uma condição fisiopatológica com perda progressiva e irreversível da função renal. A perda superior a 75% da taxa de filtração glomerular resulta em uma instabilidade hídrica e eletrolítica. Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência de casos de insuficiência renal crônica na cidade de Rio Verde-Goiás que foram atendidos pelo Serviço Médico de Atendimento de Urgência de Rio Verde, Goiás (SAMU/RV). Método: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, transversal e documental, realizado através de consulta ao banco de dados do SAMU/RV referente ao período 2014-2015. Resultado e Discussão: a prevalência de IRC foi de 41,20% em 2014 e 38,20% em 2015, em relação aos outros atendimentos realizados pelo SAMU/Rio Verde por queixas nefrológicas nessa mesma data. Conclusão: Os resultados indicaram alta prevalência de casos de atendimento de IRC pelo SAMU/RV no período de 2014-2015. (AU)

Introduction: Chronic renal failure (CRF) is defined as a pathophysiological condition with progressive and irreversible loss of renal function. Loss greater than 75% of the glomerular filtration rate results in water and electrolyte instability. Objective: In this way, the study sought to evaluate the prevalence of chronic renal failure in the city of Rio Verde-Goiás, which was attended by the Emergency Medical Service of Rio Verde, Goiás (SAMU/RV). Method: This is an epidemiological, cross-sectional and documentary study, carried out by consulting the SAMU/RV database for the period 2014-2015. Results and Discussion: the prevalence of CRI was 41.20% in 2014 and 38.20% in 2015, in relation to the other visits performed by SAMU/Rio Verde for nephrological complaints at the same date. Conclusion: The results indicated a high prevalence of cases of CKI care by the SAMU/RV in the period 2014-2015. (AU)

Psychotropics in different causes of itch: systematic review with controlled studies

Abstract Among the wide range of symptoms neglected or resistant to conventional treatments in clinical practice, itch is emerging gradually as a theme to be studied. Itch complaints and the negative effects in the quality of life are observed in several medical fields. Although the partially obscure pathophysiology, some researchers decided to check and test the use of psychotropic drugs in resistant itch to conventional topical treatments and antihistamines. The objective of this study was to evaluate scientific evidence in psychotropic use in the treatment of itch of various causes. This is a systematic review of scientific literature. The following databases were used: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Scielo. Randomized controlled trials that should focus on treatment with psychotropic drugs of pruritus of various causes were the inclusion criteria. All articles were analyzed by the authors, and the consensus was reached in cases of disagreement. Fifteen articles were included after analysis and selection in databases, with the majority of clinical trials focusing on psychopharmacological treatment of itch on account of chronic kidney disease. Clinical trials with psychotropic drugs mostly indicated significant improvement in the itching. In most trials of chronic kidney disease as basal disease for itch, greater effectiveness was observed with the use of psychotropic drugs compared with placebo or other antipruritic. However, the small amount of controlled trials conducted precludes the generalization that psychiatric drugs are effective for itch of various causes.

Complicaciones tempranas y tardías de la enfermedad renal en pacientes que cursaron con trastorno hipertensivo del embarazo durante el parto y puerperio en hospital nacional de la mujer del 1 de enero del 2013 al 30 de septiembre 2014 / Early and late complications of kidney disease in patients with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy during childbirth and the puerperium at the National Women's Hospital from January 1, 2013 to September 30, 2014

Los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo constituyen una de las principales causas de morbi-mortalidad materna y fetal en la población mundial, con mayor repercusión en los países en desarrollo. Las estadísticas indican que los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo son una de las principales causa de muerte, después de las hemorragias y las infecciones, y determinan una proporción elevada de complicaciones maternas-fetales y neonatales, presentando un gran reto a los profesionales de la salud. Este estudio se realizó con la finalidad de conocer las complicaciones tempranas y tardías presentadas en la enfermedad renal en pacientes que desarrollaron un trastorno hipertensivo en el embarazo, que consultaron durante la atención del parto y puerperio en los años 2013 y 2014, en el Hospital Nacional de la Mujer; y de esta manera determinar la frecuencia de cada una de estas complicaciones y enmarcar el perfil de las pacientes que presentan estas complicaciones, reflejando datos importantes en cuanto a los resultados perinatales obtenidos

Predictive Factors of Mortality in Population of Patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH): Results from a Korean PNH Registry

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a progressive, systemic, life-threatening disease, characterized by chronic uncontrolled complement activation. A retrospective analysis of 301 Korean PNH patients who had not received eculizumab was performed to systematically identify the clinical symptoms and signs predictive of mortality. PNH patients with hemolysis (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] > or = 1.5 x the upper limit of normal [ULN]) have a 4.8-fold higher mortality rate compared with the age- and sex-matched general population (P < 0.001). In contrast, patients with LDH < 1.5 x ULN have a similar mortality rate as the general population (P = 0.824). Thromboembolism (TE) (odds ratio [OR] 7.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] (3.052-16.562), renal impairment (OR, 2.953; 95% CI, 1.116-7.818) and PNH-cytopenia (OR, 2.547; 95% CI, 1.159-5.597) are independent risk factors for mortality, with mortality rates 14-fold (P < 0.001), 8-fold (P < 0.001), and 6.2-fold (P < 0.001) greater than that of the age- and sex-matched general population, respectively. The combination of hemolysis and 1 or more of the clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, chest pain, or dyspnea, resulted in a much greater increased mortality rate when compared with patients with just the individual symptom alone or just hemolysis. Early identification of risk factors related to mortality is crucial for the management of PNH. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01224483.

Seguridad y eeficacia de bortezomib en comparación a esquemas que no lo incluyen para el tratamiento de primera linea en mieloma multiple con compromiso renal / Safety and efficacy of bortezomib compared to schemes that do not include it for first line treatment in multiple myeloma with renal impairment

INTRIDUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI) ha recibido la solicitud de evaluar el uso de Bortezomib para su usi en pacientes con mieloma múltiple que se presentan con compromiso renal dentro del sistema de EsSalud, indicación actualmente no compromiso renal dentro del sistema de EsSalud, indicación actualmente no contemplada en el petitorio de medicamentos. Esta ación sigue lo estipulado en la Directiva número 002-IETSI-ESSALUD-2015 y el objetivo final es determinar el estado del arte sobre la eficacia y seguridad de Bortezomib en el escenario específico. Generalidades: El mieloma múltiple es una neoplasia hematológica caracterizada por la proliferación de células plasmáticas que producen inmunoglobulinas monoclonales. Estas células proliferan en la médula ósea y suele producir destrucción ósea masiva que se maifesta con lesiones osteolíticas, osteopenia e incluso fracturas patológicas. Clinicamente suele presentarse con dolor óseo y lesiones líticas, proteinas séricas totales incrementadas, algina proteína monoclonal incrementada en suero u orina, anemia de origen incierto, hipercalcemia e incluso insuficiencia renal aguda o síndrome nefrótico por amiloidosis primaria concurrente. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: sobre Bortezomib: Bortezomib es un inhibidor de proteosomas, el primero de su clase, que actúa en la homeostasis proteica celular bloqueando especificamente el proteosoma 26. Este proteosoma 26 es una enzima que se encarga normalmente e catalizar todas las proteínas anormales que son generadas usualmente en el metabolismo. la inhibición de este proteosoma conlleva a apoptosis celular y es por lo tanto un blanco interesante en terapia del cáncer. Actualmente, Bortezomib no es parte del petitorio farmacológico de EsSalud para el manejo de mieloma múltiple. METODOLOGÍA: Estrategia de Busqueda: El protocolo de esta revisión sistemática fue preparado y revisado con el equipo técnico de IETSI. Ha sido registrado como el producto de una consultoria comisionada según consta en la Ordem de Servicios y Términos de referencia correspondientes. Las seguientes fuentes han sido revisadas y consultadas. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo originalmente 7 documentos a partir de las fuentes diferentes a bases de datos bibliográficas. En la siguiente tabla se presenta los resultados de la estrategia de búsqueda para el caso de las base de datos bibliográficas. CONCLUSIONES: Las recomendaciones vigentes sobre el uso de Bortezomib, como terapia combinada triple, están previamente inclen guías clínicas contemporáneas y en evaluaciones independientes provenientes del Reino unido, Canadá y los Estados unidos. Además están debidamente respaldadas por estudios que respaldan su buen nivel de evidencia y grado de recomendación. El Instituto de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación-IETSI, aprueba de bortezomid subcutáneo en pacientes adultos con diagnóstico reciente de mieloma múltiple que debutan clínicamente con daño renal, que no han tenido tratamiento sistémico prévio y que se encuentrem en cualquier nivel de riesgo o estadio de la enfermedad. El efecto de bortezomabi subcutáneo se evaluará con los datos de los pacientes que lo hayan recibido para determinar el impacto de su uso en varios desenlaces incluyendo los intermedios como los clínicos. Esta información será tomada en cuenta en la re-evaluación de este medicamento para efectos de un nuevo dictamen al terminar la vigencia del presente Dictamen Preliminar.

Nefroprotección de la nefropatía inducida por medios de contraste (NPMC) en el estudio por imágenes / Nephroprotection of nephropathy induced (CIN) by contrast media in imagen study

La Nefropatía inducida por contraste (NPMC) es un súbito y agudo deterioro de la función renal posterior a la administración endovenosa de medios de contrastes yodados en el estudio por imágenes. La fisiopatología de la NPC no es bien conocida, pero importantes factores etiológicos han sido sugeridos: cambios hemodinámicos renales (vasoconstricción) y toxicidad tubular directa. También mecanismos tóxicos osmóticos, de híper viscosidad y químicos que pueden estar incriminados y algunos investigadores sugieren un agente químico toxico específico. Hay evidencia que el efecto nefrotóxico del MC yodado es proporcional a la dosis. Otros factores de riesgo propuestos son: diabetes mellitus, deshidratación, enfermedad cardiovascular, uso de diuréticos, edad avanzada, mieloma múltiple, hipertensión arterial, hiperuricemia, miastenia gravis. El diagnóstico de la NPC se plantea para los sistemas IQDA (Iniciativa Calificada - Diálisis Aguda), RIFLE (Riesgo, injuria, perdida ESKD) y AKIN (Network Injuria Renal Aguda) y desde el2007; dentro de las 48 horas de la administración de MC por : un absoluto incremento de la creatinina sérica > 0.3 mg/dL (> 26.4 umol/L), un incremento porcentual en la creatinina sérica > 50% (1.5 más sobre la basal) 0 un flujo de diuresis < 0.5 mllKg/hr durante 6 horas. Los controles de laboratorio deben estimar el riesgo de NPC y después de la administración del MC para evidenciar 0 no su ocurrencia. La concentración de la creatinina sérica es el más común indicador de función renal, no obstante sus limitaciones para garantizar la exacta medición de filtración glomerular. Por 10 impracticable de realizar la depuración de creatinina, se prefiere el uso de la Formula de Cockcroft-Gault 0 la de MDRD (Modificación de la Dieta de Enfermedad Renal) para definir la función renal, bajo supervisión clínica nefrológica.

The Nephropathy induced by contrast (CIN) is a sudden and acute deterioration in renal function, following the intravenous administration of iodinated contrast medium in the images studies. The pathophysiology of CIN is not well understood but important etiologic factors have been suggested as: renal hemodynamic changes (vasoconstriction) and direct tubular toxicity. Also, osmotic, hipper viscosity and chemotoxic mechanisms may be involved, and some investigations suggest agent-specific chemotoxicity. There is evidence that the nephrotoxic effect of CM is proportional to dose. Others risk factors have been proposed: diabetes mellitus, dehydration, cardiovascular disease, diuretic use, advanced age, multiple myeloma, hypertension, hyperuricemia and myasthenia gravis. The diagnosis of CIN is made for ADQI (Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative), RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Lost ESKD) and AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network) systems since 2007 if one of the following occurs within 48 hours after the IV CM exposure: the absolute serum creatinine increase of > 0.3 mg/dL (> 26.4 umol/L), a percentage increase in serum creatinine of 2: 50% (l.5-fold above baseline) or a urine output reduced to s 0.5 mLlkg/hour for at least 6 hours. Laboratory tests must be used first to estimate the risk of CIN prior to administering CM and after to determine whether CIN has occurred. Serum creatinine concentration is the most commonly used measure of renal function. For this reason and the impractical direct measurement of the Cr Cl, is preferable the use of the Cockcroft-Gault Formulae or Modification of Diet Renal Disease (MDRD) in defining renal function before and after contrast administration, under clinical nephrologist supervision.

Cloridrato de cinacalcete e paricalcitol para pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo secundário (HPTS) à doença renal crônica / Cinacalcet hydrochloride and paricalcitol for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPTS) to chronic kidney disease

CONTEXTO: O hiperparatireoidismo secundário (HPTS) à doença crônica renal é caracterizado por elevados níveis séricos do paratormônio (PTH), hiperplasia das glândulas paratireóides e uma doença óssea de alto remanejamento. O nível de PTH considerado adequado está situado entre 150 a 300 pg/ml. Segundo o censo da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (SBN), em 2013, em torno de 100.397 pacientes estavam em tratamento por diálise no Brasil. Dados de 2014 da SBN apontam que em torno de 13% dos pacientes em diálise apresentam HPTS moderado (PTH de 500 a 800 pg/ml), 9% HPTS grave (PTH de 801 a 1.500 pg/ml), e 4% HPTS muito grave (PTH acima de 1.500 pg/ml). Para a redução dos níveis do PTH, estão disponíveis no mercado brasileiro três classes de medicamentos: ativadores não seletivos do VDR (calcitriol e alfacalcidol), ativadores seletivos de VDR (paricalcitol) e calcimiméticos (cinacalcete). Dentre os medicamentos supracitados, o SUS disponibiliza calcitriol oral e intravenoso e alfacalcidol oral. Em relação ao paricalcitol, a solicitação de incorporação no SUS está voltada aos pacientes com PTH igual ou superior a 500 pg/ml. Para o cinacalcete, a população alvo para incorporação são pacientes com níveis de PTH acima de 800 pg/ml. EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Para o medicamento paricalcitol foram avaliados 3 estudos observacionais, um estudo clínico e uma revisão sistemática. Como conclusão, os estudos apresentaram resultados positivos na redução dos níveis de PTH e de hipercalcemia. Sobre o cinacalcete, foram avaliadas 2 metanálises e um estudo observacional. Os resultados desses estudos apontaram que seu uso resultou em pouco ou nenhum efeito na mortalidade por todas causas, efeitos imprecisos em mortalidade por causa cardiovascular, prevenção de paratireoidectomia (PTx) cirúrgica e de hipercalcemia e aumento na ocorrência de hipocalcemia, náusea e vômito. Em relação aos parâmetros bioquímicos, cinacalcete diminuiu os níveis de PTH e de cálcio, mas apresentou pouco ou nenhum efeito nos níveis de fósforo. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Foi recebido um total de 392 contribuições, sendo 253 contribuições provenientes do formulário específico para pacientes e 139 do formulário geral. Os principais efeitos positivos destacados referentes às tecnologias foram: redução/controle do PTH, redução das dores ósseas e musculares, melhora da mobilidade, melhora da qualidade vida de um modo geral e do avanço da doença e redução de necessidade de realização da cirurgia da paratireoide (PTx). Como efeitos negativos, foram elencados hipocalcemia e distúrbios gastrointestinais como azia, enjoo, diarreia, vômito, porém, quanto a esses últimos, há melhora após mudança de horário do uso do medicamento. DISCUSSÃO: Embora os parâmetros bioquímicos sejam marcadores substitutos das complicações decorrentes do HPTS e distúrbio mineral ósseo associado, o tratamento de pacientes com HPTS ainda está centrado no controle desses parâmetros. Nesse contexto, um grupo delimitado de pacientes com HPTS, em diálise e refratários ao tratamento padrão pode se beneficiar com o uso do medicamento paricalcitol para controlar os níveis de PTH com menor efeito hipercalcêmico e com o uso do medicamento cinacalcete para reduzir os níveis de PTH e de cálcio. Na discussão, foi reforçado que para esse grupo de pacientes mais graves, os medicamentos propostos são as únicas alternativas, principalmente para aqueles em que o cálcio está alto, condições essas que justificam as incorporações em discussão. RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: Na 38ª reunião do plenário da CONITEC realizada em 05 de agosto de 2015, os membros deliberaram por unanimidade recomendar a incorporação dos medicamentos a seguir, condicionada à redução de preços: paricalcitol para o tratamento de pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo secundário à doença renal crônica, submetidos à diálise e com nível de PTH igual ou superior a 500 pg/ml; e - cloridrato de cinacalcete para o tratamento de pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo secundário à doença renal crônica, submetidos à diálise e com nível de PTH acima de 800 pg/ml. Foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação n˚136/2015. DECISÃO: Incorporar cloridrato de cinacalcete e paricalcitol para pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo secundário (HPTS) à doença renal crônica no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS. Portaria nº 48 publicada no DOU nº 187, pág. 71, de 30/09/2015.

Influence of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition on simple renal cysts in patients receiving bevacizumab-based chemotherapy

PURPOSE: Although angiogenesis has been implicated in the promotion of renal cyst growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, no studies have investigated the role of angiogenesis in the growth of simple renal cysts. The aim of current study was to investigate the effect of chemotherapy with the antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody bevacizumab on renal cyst development and growth in cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 136 patients with a variety of cancers that were treated with bevacizumab-based chemotherapy for metastatic disease. The presence of and changes in renal cysts were evaluated by retrospective analysis of computed tomography scans performed for assessment of tumor response to bevacizumab-based therapy. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 64 years. Renal cysts were identified in 66 patients, in whom 33 (50%) had a single cyst and the rest had 2 or more cysts. The average dose of bevacizumab was 2.68 mg/kg per week. Median duration of treatment was 33 weeks. Average cyst size was 1.9±2.4 cm at the beginning of the study and the majority of the cysts (54 patients, 84%) did not change in size or shape during bevacizumab treatment. No patients were identified with new cysts. Cyst size changed in 10 patients (16%): an increase of 15% to 40% from the baseline size in 5 patients and a decrease in size of 10% to 70% in another 5 patients. The duration of bevacizumab therapy was significantly longer in the subgroup of patients with diminished or increased cyst size than in the patients with stable cyst size: 62 weeks versus 29 weeks, respectively (p=0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that simple renal cysts were stable in size and number in the vast majority of cancer patients treated with bevacizumab.